Chemical
18 Feb 2026

Class 10 CHEMISTRY Chapter-1 Chemical Reaction and Equation | SHORT NOTES

Download Pdf (Link given below) PHYSICAL CHANGE & CHEMICAL CHANGE Basis Physical Change Chemical Change New substance Not formed Formed Type of change Physical properties change Chemical composition changes State/appearance Size, shape or state changes Entire nature of substance changes Reversibility  reversible irreversible Chemical reaction Not a chemical reaction It is a chemical reaction Energy change Very less energy change Energy absorbed or released Chemical bonds No bond breaking or formation Bonds break and new bonds form Mass Mass remains same Mass conserved (reactants = products) Effect on properties No new properties New properties appear Example Melting of ice Rusting of iron CHEMICAL REACTION Process in which new substance are formed with new chemical (may be physical also), is/are formed, is called chemical reaction. *CHARACTERISTISTICS OF CHEMICAL REACTION 1. Evolution of Gas 2. Formation of Precipitate 3. Change in Temperature 4. Change in State 5. Change in Colour DOWNLOAD PDF of this Short Notes from telegram channel – CLICK HERE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS – Given by Lavoisier in 1774 – It states that: MAKING EQUATIONMORE INFORMATIVE 1. Indicating “Physical State” 2. Indicating heat changes (+heat) 3. Indicating the conditions TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION 1. Combination Reaction (A + B = AB) 2. Decomposition Reaction (AB = A + B) #Types of Decomposition Reaction 1)Thermal Decomposition 2)Electro Decomposition 3)Photo Decomposition 3. Displacement Reaction (A + BC = AC + B) More reactive displaces less reactive #Reactivity Series: It is a series in which metals arranged in decreasing order of their reactivities on moving from top to bottom. Trick to Learn: Kaka Nana Chaat Mange Aloo Zara Feke Pade Hai CHAAP. METAL NAME (Reactivity decreases as we move down) Kaka – K (Potassium) Nana – Na (Sodium) Chaat – Ca (calcium) Mange – Mg (Magnesium) Aloo – Al (Aluminium) Zara – Zn (Zinc) Feke – Fe (Iron) Pade – Pb (lead) Hai – H (Hydrogen) C – Cu (Copper) H – Hg (Mercury) A – Ag (Silver) A – Au (Gold) P – Pt (Platinium) Example: 4. Double Displacement Reaction (AB + CD = AC +BD) A reaction in which exchange of ions takes place between two compounds. 5. Redox Reaction A reaction in which oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously. *Reduction: Adding H₂ OR Removing O₂ OR Both *Oxidation: Adding O₂ OR Removing H₂ OR Both DOWNLOAD PDF of this Short Notes from telegram channel – CLICK HERE EFFECTS OF OXIDATION ON EVERYDAY LIFE 1) CORROSION: Process of slowing eating up of metals due to their conversion into oxides, carbonates, etc by the action of air. *Prevention from Corrosion: 2) RANCIDITY: Fats and Oil present in food get oxidized. *Prevention: IMPORTANT EXPERIMENTS 1) BURNING OF MAGNESIUM 2) CASE OF WHITE WASHING Substance – Calcium Oxide (CaO) * Formation of Slaked Lime When quicklime reacts with water, slaked lime is formed: CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ This reaction is exothermic (heat is released). * Reaction during Whitewashing When slaked lime is applied on walls, it reacts slowly with carbon dioxide from the air to form calcium carbonate: Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O 3) TEST FOR H₂ GAS 4) IRON NAILS IN COPPER SULPHATE SOLUTION 5) RUSTING IS FASTER IN COASTAL AREAS DOWNLOAD PDF of this Short Notes from telegram channel – CLICK HERE Explore other chapter’s NOTES – CLICK HERE or visit Gyanora.in For Practicing chapter wise question answers – CLICK HERE or visit QnA.Gyanora.in Follow us on: YouTube: www.youtube.com/@Gyanora Telegram: t.me/gyanora Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/gyan_ora?igsh=aDQxbDk1aDdleHJ6

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Print
30 Jan 2026

SHORT NOTES | Class 10 HISTORY Chapter-5 Print Culture and Modern World | REVISION NOTES

Download Pdf (Link given below) PRINT IN CHINA *HUGE DEMAND OF BOOKS IN CHINA i. Demand for Civil Services Examination. Only people who were preparing for this exam, would demand for books. ii. By 17th Century, dur to growing Urban Culture, use of print expanded. iii. Books like – Fictional Books, and Romantic Plays – were in demand. iv. Women also become Reader as well as publisher of books. # SHANGHAI – become hub of Western Style School of Printing PRINT IN JAPAN *IMPORTANT INFORMATION i. By 13-15 century, diversification of Print in Japan was started. ii. Books were printed in huge quantity which make them cheaper. iii. KITAGAWA UTAMARO – He is famous for his Art called UKIYO # EDO (TOKYO) – become hub of printing in Japan PRINT IN KOREA Famous book of Korea – JIKJI About JIKJI PRINT COMES TO EUROPE Chinese Paper reached Europe Via SILK ROUTE. But Print was not famous in Europe. *For Ordinary People – Wood Block Printing Books were available, as they were cheap. *For Rich People – Books made with VELLUM, which is most expensive.     >> VELLUM – a high quality, smooth printing surface made from scrapped animal skin. GUTENBERG AND THE PRINTING PRESS THE PRINT REVOLUTION Aspect Before the Print Revolution After the Print Revolution Production of books Books were handwritten by scribes, so production was slow. Books were printed using printing presses, increasing speed. Cost of books Books were very expensive and affordable only to the rich. Printed books became cheaper and affordable for many people. Availability Very few books were available due to manual copying. Large numbers of books were produced and widely available. Access to knowledge Knowledge was limited to elites, clergy and scholars. Knowledge reached common people, students and workers. Literacy level Literacy rate was low due to lack of books. Literacy increased as books became easily available. Language used Most books were written in Latin. Books were printed in vernacular (local) languages. Spread of ideas New ideas spread slowly from person to person. Ideas spread quickly through books, pamphlets and newspapers. Education Education was limited and not widespread. Education expanded with textbooks and printed material. Social impact There was little discussion or public debate. Public opinion developed and debates increased. IMPACT OF PRINT REVOLUTION 1. EMERGENCE OF NEW READER 2. RELIGIOUS DEBATES AND FEAR OF PRINT 3. PRINT AND DISSENT READING MANIA It refers to dramatic surge in literacy and demand for books, driven by rising education rates and cheap, accessible printed materials. *Effects of Reading Mania DOWNLOAD PDF of this Short Notes from telegram channel – CLICK HERE POWER OF PRINT PRINT CULTURE AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION “Print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred” Suitable Arguments: 19th CENTURY 1. CHILDREN 2. WOMEN 3. WORKERS FURTHER INNOVATIONS IN PRINTING 1. Power-Driven Cylindrical press 2. Offset press 3. Photoelectric Controllers 4. Dust Cover / Book Jacket DOWNLOAD PDF of this Short Notes from telegram channel – CLICK HERE INDIA AND THE WORLD OF PRINT *PRINT COMES TO INDIA *RELIGIOUS REFORM AND PUBLIC DEBATES *NEW FORM OF PUBLICATION Visual Culture – by Raja Ravi Verma *WOMEN AND PRINT *POOR AND PRINT *PRINT AND CENSORSHIP DOWNLOAD PDF of this Short Notes from telegram channel – CLICK HERE Explore other chapter’s NOTES – CLICK HERE or visit Gyanora.in For Practicing chapter wise question answers – CLICK HERE or visit QnA.Gyanora.in Follow us on: YouTube: www.youtube.com/@Gyanora Telegram: t.me/gyanora Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/gyan_ora?igsh=aDQxbDk1aDdleHJ6

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Gravitation
8 Nov 2025

CLASS 9 SCIENCE Chapter- Gravitation | NOTES

INTRO- GRAVITATION –Gravitation is a natural phenomenon by which every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that acts along the line joining their centres. -This force of mutual attraction between two masses is called the gravitational force. -Everybody that has mass exerts an attractive force on every other body in the universe. -The magnitude of this force depends on: #The greater the masses, the stronger the attraction; the larger the distance, the weaker the force. -The idea of gravitation was explained by Sir Isaac Newton in 1687. (He discovered that the same force that causes an apple to fall to the ground also holds the Moon in orbit around the Earth and the planets in orbit around the Sun. This inspired him to create the Universal Law of Gravitation, which mathematically defines the force.) *Nature of the Gravitational Force    Property                                                        Description Type of Force Non-contact (acts without physical contact) Direction Always acts along the line joining the centres of two bodies Nature Always attractive, never repulsive Range Infinite (though becomes very weak with distance) Strength Weak compared to other fundamental forces (e.g., electromagnetic) *Difference Between Gravitation and Gravity Basis Gravitation Gravity Definition The universal force of attraction between any two bodies in the universe. The gravitational force specifically exerted by the Earth on objects near its surface. Scope Universal – acts between any two masses. Local – acts only near the Earth. Example Attraction between the Sun and Earth. Attraction between Earth and an apple. Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation Newton’s Universal law of gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres. Let two objects of masses m1 and m2 be separated by a distance . Then, according to Newton’s law, To remove proportionality, a constant G (the universal gravitational constant) is introduced:                                                                   Where, G = 6.67×10-11 Nm2/kg2 *Relation between Newton’s third law of motion and Newton’s law of gravitation -Newton’s third law of motion: According to Newton’s third law of motion, “Every object exerts equal and opposite force on other object but in opposite direction.” –Newton’s law of gravitation: According to Newton’s law of gravitation, “Every mass in the universe attracts every other mass.” In case of freely falling stone and earth, stone is attracted towards earth means earth attracts the stone. But according to Newton’s third law of motion, the stone should also attract the earth.It is true that stone also attracts the earth with the same force F = m × a but due to very less mass of the stone, the acceleration (a) in its velocity is 9.8 m/s2 and acceleration (a) of earth towards stone is 1.65×10-24 m/s2 which is negligible and we cannot feel it. *Importance of Universal Law of Gravitation FREE FALL OF AN OBJECT AND ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY Free fall is the motion of a body when it falls towards the Earth under the influence of gravitational force only, with no other force (like air resistance) acting on it. When an object is thrown upward, it reaches certain height, then it starts falling down towards earth. It is because the earth’s gravitational force exerts on it. This fall under the influence of earth is called ‘free fall of an object’. During this free fall direction do not change but velocity continuously changes which is called acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by ‘g’. Its unit is same as acceleration m/s2. *Derivation for Acceleration Due to Gravity From Newton’s law of gravitation: According to Newton’s second law of motion: For a freely falling body: Equating both forces: Cancelling m from both sides: Formula: *The Value of acceleration due to gravity (g) where, *Difference Between Gravitational constant (G) and Acceleration due to gravity (g) Basis of Difference Universal Gravitational Constant (G) Acceleration Due to Gravity (g) 1. Definition It is a constant that measures the strength of the gravitational force between any two bodies in the universe. It is the acceleration produced in a body when it falls freely under the influence of Earth’s gravity. 2. Formula 3. Nature It is a universal constant, same everywhere in the universe. It varies from place to place (depends on height, depth, and latitude). 4. Value G= 6.67×10-11  5. Depends On It does not depend on mass, distance, or location. It depends on the mass and radius of the Earth. 6. Type of Quantity Scalar quantity (has only magnitude). Vector quantity (has magnitude and direction — toward Earth’s center). 7. Symbol G g 8. Unit N·m²/kg² m/s² 9. Discovery Discovered by Sir Isaac Newton. Measured experimentally on Earth. 10. Variation Remains constant throughout the universe. Decreases with altitude and depth; increases at poles. *Equations of Motion for a Freely Falling Body The same kinematic equations apply, replacing a by g: #For Object Falling Downward #For Object Thrown Upward *Factors Affecting the Value of g MASS AND WEIGHT *MASS *WEIGHT *Difference Between Mass and Weight Basis Mass Weight Definition Amount of matter contained in a body. Force with which Earth attracts a body towards its center. Formula m=w/g W = mg Nature Scalar quantity. Vector quantity (acts downward). Unit (SI) Kilogram (kg). Newton (N). Value Constant everywhere. Varies from place to place (depends on (g)). Measuring Instrument Beam balance. Spring balance. Zero Condition Never zero (matter cannot vanish). Becomes zero where (g = 0) (e.g., space). On Moon Same as on Earth. 1/6 of weight on Earth. THRUST AND PRESSURE When a force acts perpendicularly on a surface, it creates an effect known as thrust.The effect of thrust per unit area on a surface is called pressure. *Thrust *Pressure *Examples of Pressure BUYONCY The upward force exerted by a liquid (or fluid) on an object when it is partially or completely immersed in it is called buoyant force, and the property of a fluid to exert this upward force is called buoyancy. It…

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Manufacturing
8 Nov 2025

CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY Ch- Manufacturing Industries | NOTES

INTRO- MANUFACTURING The term “Manufacturing” comes from two Latin words- ‘Manu’ means hand and ‘facture’ means to make. It means producing goods in large quantities from raw materials and adding value to them through processing, machinery, and labour. It is a secondary activity because it converts primary materials (from agriculture, mining, etc.) into finished products. *Relation Between Agriculture and Industry Agriculture and industry are interdependent:          #Both sectors support each other’s growth and sustainability. IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING Manufacturing plays a vital role in the economic and social development of a nation. CONTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURING TO NATIONAL ECONOMY INDUSTRIAL LOCATION Industrial location refers to the specific place or area where an industry is set up. Industries tend to locate where all necessary inputs are easily and cheaply available. According to Alfred Weber’s Industrial Location Theory, “An industry is located at a place where the cost of production and transportation is minimum.” *Factors Affecting the Location of Industries Industries do not grow everywhere — they develop where conditions are favourable.The major factors are given below. 1. Availability of Raw Materials 2. Labour (Manpower) 3. Power (Energy Source) 4. Capital (Investment) 5. Market 6. Transport and Communication 7. Government Policies 8. Industrial Climate (Social and Political Stability) *Industrial Clusters or Agglomeration -When several industries are set up close to each other for mutual benefit, it is called industrial agglomeration. -These areas become industrial hubs or regions. -Example: CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES Industries can be classified or grouped on different bases such as raw materials, capital investment, ownership, and size.This helps in understanding their nature, functioning, and contribution to the economy. AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES Agro-based industries are industries that use agricultural products as raw materials. They form a strong link between agriculture and industry, and are the largest group of industries in India. These industries process agricultural raw materials into finished or semi-finished goods that can be used by consumers or other industries. 1. Textile Industry 2. Cotton Textile Industry 3. Jute Industry 4. Sugar Industry MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES 1. Iron and Steel Industry 2. Aluminium Smelting 3. Chemical Industries 4. Fertiliser Industry 5. Cement Industry 6. Automobile Industry 7. Information Technology and Electronics Industry INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION Industrial pollution refers to the contamination of the environment due to harmful by-products released from industries into air, water, and soil.  Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: Air, Water, Land, Noise *Measures to Control Industrial Pollution To reduce pollution and promote sustainable development, the following steps are essential:

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